Genetically modified food research paper

Genetically modified food research paper

Jun 05,  · The role of genetically modified (GM) crops for food security is the subject of public controversy. GM crops could contribute to food production increases and higher food availability. There may also be impacts on food quality and nutrient composition. Finally, growing GM crops may influence farmers’ income and thus their economic access to food When autocomplete results are available use up and down arrows to review and enter to select News about genetically modified food, including commentary and archival articles published in The New York Times

Genetically modified food controversies - Wikipedia

Genetically modified food controversies are disputes over the use of foods and other goods derived from genetically modified crops instead of conventional cropsand other uses of genetic engineering in genetically modified food research paper production.

The disputes involve consumersfarmersbiotechnology companiesgovernmental regulators, non-governmental organizations, and genetically modified food research paper. The key areas of controversy related to genetically modified food GM food or GMO food are whether such food should be labeled, the role of government regulators, the objectivity of scientific research and publication, the effect of genetically modified crops on health and the environment, the effect on pesticide resistancethe impact of such crops for farmers, and the role of the crops in feeding the world population.

In addition, genetically modified food research paper, products derived from GMO organisms play a role in the production of ethanol fuels and pharmaceuticals. Specific concerns include mixing of genetically modified and non-genetically modified products in the food supply, [1] effects of GMOs on the environment, [2] [3] the rigor of the regulatory process, [4] [5] and consolidation of control of the food supply in companies that make and sell GMOs.

The safety assessment of genetically engineered food products by regulatory bodies starts with an evaluation of whether or not the food is substantially equivalent to non-genetically engineered counterparts that are already deemed fit for human consumption. There is a scientific consensus [13] [14] [15] [16] that currently available food derived from GM crops poses no greater risk to human health than conventional food, [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] but that each GM food needs to be tested on genetically modified food research paper case-by-case genetically modified food research paper before introduction.

Consumer concerns about food quality first became prominent long before the advent of GM foods in the s. Upton Sinclair 's novel The Jungle led to the Pure Food and Drug Actthe first major US legislation on the subject. Some consumers, including many in the US, genetically modified food research paper, came to see GM food as "unnatural", with various negative associations and fears a reverse halo effect. Specific perceptions include a view of genetic engineering as meddling with naturally evolved biological processes, and one that science has limitations on its comprehension of potential negative ramifications.

Surveys indicate widespread concern among consumers that eating genetically modified food is harmful, [38] [39] [40] that biotechnology is risky, that more information is needed and that consumers need control over whether to take such risks. SmithDr. OzOprahand Bill Maher ; [39] [43] organizations include Organic Consumers Association, [44] Greenpeace especially with regard to Golden rice [45] and Union of Concerned Scientists.

Religious groups have raised concerns over whether genetically modified food will remain kosher or halal. Inno such foods had been designated as unacceptable by Orthodox rabbis or Muslim leaders. Food writer Michael Pollan does not oppose eating genetically modified foods, but supports mandatory labeling of GM foods and has criticized the intensive farming enabled by certain GM crops, such as glyphosate -tolerant "Roundup-ready" corn and soybeans.

The idea has since been adopted to varying degrees by companies like Syngenta[54] and is being promoted by organizations such as the New America Foundation.

An EMBO Reports article in reported that the Public Perceptions of Agricultural Biotechnologies in Europe project PABE [57] found the public neither accepting nor rejecting GMOs. Instead, genetically modified food research paper, PABE found that public had "key questions" about GMOs: "Why do we need GMOs?

Who benefits from their use? Who decided that they should be developed and how? Why were we not better informed about their use in our food, before their arrival on the market? Why are we not given an effective choice about whether or not to buy these products? Have potential long-term and irreversible consequences been seriously evaluated, and by whom? Do regulatory authorities have sufficient powers to effectively regulate large companies? Who wishes to develop these products?

Can controls imposed by regulatory authorities be applied effectively? Who will be accountable in cases of unforeseen harm? Rather than zero risk, what they demanded was a more realistic assessment of risks by regulatory authorities and GMO producers. Inthe Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology made public a review of U. survey results between and Protests during this period against Calgene 's Flavr Savr GM tomato mistakenly described it as containing fish genes, confusing it with DNA Plant Technology 's fish tomato experimental transgenic organism, genetically modified food research paper, which was never commercialized.

The " Eurobarometer " survey, [64] which assesses public attitudes about biotech and the life sciences, found that cisgenicsGM crops made from plants that are crossable by conventional breedingevokes a smaller reaction than transgenic methods, using genes from species that are taxonomically very different. In just nine years since identical survey in the level of concern has halved in 28 EU Member States.

The vote, rejecting Washington State's GM food labeling I referendum came shortly after [69] the World Food Prize was awarded to employees of Monsanto and Syngenta.

In Maya group called "Take the Flour Back" led by Gerald Miles protested plans by a group from Rothamsted Experimental Stationbased in Harpenden, Hertfordshire, genetically modified food research paper, England, to conduct an experimental trial wheat genetically modified to repel aphids. The March Against Monsanto is an international grassroots movement and protest against Monsanto corporation, a producer of genetically modified organism GMOs and Roundupa glyphosate -based herbicide.

Advocates support mandatory labeling laws for food made from GMOs. The initial march took place on May 25, The number of protesters who took part is uncertain; figures of "hundreds of thousands" and the organizers' estimate of "two million" [82] were variously cited. Events took place in between [81] genetically modified food research paper [82] cities around the world, mostly in the United States, genetically modified food research paper.

The protests were reported by news outlets including ABC News[84] the Associated Press[82] The Washington Post[85] The Los Angeles Times[83] USA Today[82] and CNN in the United Statesand The Guardian [80] outside the United States.

Monsanto said that it respected people's rights to express their opinion on the topic, genetically modified food research paper, but maintained that its seeds improved agriculture by helping farmers produce more from their land while conserving resources, such as water and energy. food supply. In Octobera group called The European Network of Scientists for Social and Environmental Responsibility ENSSERposted a statement claiming that there is no scientific consensus on the safety of GMOs, [92] which was signed by about scientists in various fields in its first week.

Earth Liberation FrontGreenpeace and others have disrupted GMO research around the world, genetically modified food research paper. Ingenetically modified food research paper, the ice-minus strain of P. syringae became the first genetically modified organism GMO to be released into the environment [] when a strawberry field in California was sprayed with the bacteria.

This was followed by the spraying of a crop of potato seedlings. InGreenpeace paid reparations when its members broke into the premises genetically modified food research paper an Australian scientific genetically modified food research paper organization, CSIROand destroyed a genetically modified wheat plot.

The sentencing judge accused Greenpeace of cynically using junior members to avoid risking their own freedom. The offenders were given 9-month suspended sentences. On August 8, protesters uprooted an experimental plot of golden rice in the Philippines. Intwo documentaries were released which countered the growing anti-GMO sentiment among the public. These included Food Evolution [] [] and Science Moms. Per the Science Moms director, the film "focuses on providing a science and evidence-based counter-narrative to the pseudoscience -based parenting narrative that has cropped up in recent years".

There are various conspiracy theories related to the production and sale of genetically modified crops and genetically modified food that have been identified by some commentators such as Michael Shermer.

A work seeking to explore risk perception over GMOs in Turkey identified a belief among the conservative political and religious figures who were opposed to GMOs that GMOs were "a conspiracy by Jewish Multinational Companies and Israel for world domination. Inenvironmental groups and protesters delayed the field tests of the genetically modified ice-minus strain of P. syringae with legal challenges. In this case, genetically modified food research paper, the plaintiff argued both for mandatory labeling on the basis of consumer demand, and that GMO foods should undergo the same testing requirements as food additives because they are "materially changed" and have potentially unidentified health risks.

The plaintiff also alleged that the FDA did not follow the Administrative Procedures Act in formulating and disseminating its policy on GMO's.

The federal district court rejected all of those arguments and found that the FDA's determination that GMO's are Generally Recognized as Safe was neither arbitrary nor capricious.

The court gave deference to the FDA's process on all issues, leaving future plaintiffs little legal recourse to challenge the FDA's policy on GMO's. The Diamond v. Chakrabarty case was on the question of whether GMOs can be patented.

On 16 Junethe Supreme Court, in a 5—4 split decision, held that "A live, genetically modified food research paper, human-made micro-organism is patentable subject matter " [] under the meaning of U.

patent law. One of the first incidents occurred ingenetically modified food research paper, when Nature published a paper on potential toxic effects of Bt maize on butterflies. The paper produced a public uproar and demonstrations, however by multiple follow-up genetically modified food research paper had concluded that "the most common types of Bt maize pollen are not toxic to monarch larvae in concentrations the insects would encounter in the fields" and that they had "brought that particular question to a close".

Concerned scientists began to patrol the scientific literature and react strongly, both publicly and privately, to discredit conclusions they view as flawed in order to prevent unjustified public outcry and regulatory action. Prior toscientists wishing to conduct research on commercial GM plants or seeds were unable to do so, because of restrictive end-user agreements. Cornell University's Elson Shields was the spokesperson for one group of scientists who opposed such restrictions.

The group submitted a statement to the United States Environmental Protection Agency EPA in protesting that "as a result of restrictive access, no truly independent research can be legally conducted on many critical questions regarding the technology".

A Scientific American editorial quoted a scientist who said that several studies that were initially approved by seed companies were blocked from publication when they returned "unflattering" results.

While favoring protection of intellectual property rightsthe editors called for the restrictions to be lifted and for the EPA to require, as a condition of approval, genetically modified food research paper, that independent researchers have unfettered access to genetically modified products for research.

In Genetically modified food research paperthe American Seed Trade Association agreed to "allow public researchers greater freedom to study the effects of GM food crops".

The companies signed blanket agreements permitting such research. This agreement left many scientists optimistic about the future; [] other scientists still express concern as to whether this agreement has the ability to "alter what has been a research environment rife with obstruction and suspicion". A analysis by Diels et al. Of the 43 studies with financial or professional conflicts of interest, 28 studies were compositional studies.

According to Marc Brazeau, an association between professional conflict of interest and positive study outcomes can be skewed because companies typically contract with independent researchers to perform follow-up studies only after in-house research uncovers favorable results.

In-house research that uncovers negative or unfavorable results for a novel GMO is generally not further pursued. A review, of 1, papers on genetically modified crops and food published between and found no plausible evidence of dangers from the use of then marketed GM crops.

In a review, Zdziarski et al. examined 21 published studies of the histopathology of GI tracts of rats that were fed diets derived from GM crops, and identified some systemic flaws in this area of the scientific literature. Most studies were performed years after the approval of the crop for human consumption, genetically modified food research paper. Papers were often imprecise in their descriptions of the histological results and the selection of study endpoints, and lacked necessary details about methods and results.

The authors called for the development of better study guidelines for determining the long-term safety of eating GM foods. A study by the US National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, genetically modified food research paper, and Medicine concluded that GM foods are safe for human consumption and they could find no conclusive evidence that they harm the environment nor wildlife.

They concluded genetically modified food research paper GM crops had given farmers economic advantages but found no evidence that GM crops had increased yields. They also noted that weed resistance to GM crops could cause major agricultural problems genetically modified food research paper this could be addressed by better farming procedures.

The leader of the research group, Federico Infascelli, rejected the claim. The research concluded that mother goats fed GM soybean meal secreted fragments of the foreign gene in their milk. In December one of the papers was retracted for "self-plagiarism", although the journal noted that the results remained valid. conventional plant breeding technologies. Consensus among scientists and regulators pointed to the need for improved testing technologies and protocols.

However, in the European Food Safety Authority EFSA GMO Panel said that "novel hazards" could be associated with transgenic strains.

How are GMOs Made? The Genetically Modified Hawaiian Papaya Case Study

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Genetically Modified Crops and Food Security

Apr 23,  · The Controversy of Genetically Modified Foods on Human Health. Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) are creatures in which their genetic make-up has been altered through genetic engineering or biotechnology in hopes of either obtaining favorable traits, eliminating unfavorable traits, or simply gene manipulation Jun 05,  · The role of genetically modified (GM) crops for food security is the subject of public controversy. GM crops could contribute to food production increases and higher food availability. There may also be impacts on food quality and nutrient composition. Finally, growing GM crops may influence farmers’ income and thus their economic access to food Sep 01,  · The vast majority of the research on genetically modified (GM) crops suggests that they are safe to eat and that they have the potential to feed millions of